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LU

Emma Hammarlund

Research team manager

LU

Hypoxia Generated by Avian Embryo Growth Induces the HIF-α Response and Critical Vascularization

Author

  • Christopher Carroll
  • Niklas Engström
  • Patrik F. Nilsson
  • Emma R. Haxen
  • Sofie Mohlin
  • Peter Berg
  • Ronnie N. Glud
  • Emma U. Hammarlund

Summary, in English

Cancer research has transformed our view on cellular mechanisms for oxygen sensing. It has been documented that these mechanisms are important for maintaining animal tissues and life in environments where oxygen (O2) concentrations fluctuate. In adult animals, oxygen sensing is governed by the Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) that are stabilized at low oxygen concentrations (hypoxia). However, the importance of hypoxia itself during development and for the onset of HIF-driven oxygen sensing remains poorly explored. Cellular responses to hypoxia associates with cell immaturity (stemness) and proper tissue and organ development. During mammalian development, the initial uterine environment is hypoxic. The oxygenation status during avian embryogenesis is more complex since O2 continuously equilibrates across the porous eggshell. Here, we investigate HIF dynamics and use microelectrodes to determine O2 concentrations within the egg and the embryo during the first four days of development. To determine the increased O2 consumption rates, we also obtain the O2 transport coefficient (DO2) of eggshell and associated inner and outer shell membranes, both directly (using microelectrodes in ovo for the first time) and indirectly (using water evaporation at 37.5°C for the first time). Our results demonstrate a distinct hypoxic phase (<5% O2) between day 1 and 2, concurring with the onset of HIF-α expression. This phase of hypoxia is demonstrably necessary for proper vascularization and survival. Our indirectly determined DO2 values are about 30% higher than those determined directly. A comparison with previously reported values indicates that this discrepancy may be real, reflecting that water vapor and O2 may be transported through the eggshell at different rates. Based on our obtained DO2 values, we demonstrate that increased O2 consumption of the growing embryo appears to generate the phase of hypoxia, which is also facilitated by the initially small gas cell and low membrane permeability. We infer that the phase of in ovo hypoxia facilitates correct avian development. These results support the view that hypoxic conditions, in which the animal clade evolved, remain functionally important during animal development. The study highlights that insights from the cancer field pertaining to the cellular capacities by which both somatic and cancer cells register and respond to fluctuations in O2 concentrations can broadly inform our exploration of animal development and success.

Department/s

  • Division of Translational Cancer Research
  • Molecular Evolution
  • StemTherapy: National Initiative on Stem Cells for Regenerative Therapy
  • LUCC: Lund University Cancer Centre
  • Childhood Cancer Research Unit
  • Paediatrics (Lund)
  • Lithosphere and Biosphere Science
  • EpiHealth: Epidemiology for Health

Publishing year

2021

Language

English

Pages

1-15

Publication/Series

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

Volume

9

Document type

Journal article

Publisher

Frontiers Media S. A.

Topic

  • Cancer and Oncology
  • Cell and Molecular Biology

Status

Published

Research group

  • Molecular Evolution
  • Childhood Cancer Research Unit

ISBN/ISSN/Other

  • ISSN: 2296-701X